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Scientists Map Where Orphan Wells Threaten Aquifers in the U.S.

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07 May, 2025

This post was originally published on Eco Watch

Scientists from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) have for the first time compiled a map of groundwater variables to understand which aquifers in the United States are most vulnerable to being contaminated by “orphan wells” — gas and oil wells that have no active owner and are no longer producing, but have not yet been plugged.

The study, “A geospatial analysis of water-quality threats from orphan wells in principal and secondary aquifers of the United States,” was published in the journal Science of the Total Environment.

“Throughout the history of oil and gas production in the United States, millions of wells have been drilled for exploration and energy production. Hundreds of thousands of unplugged wells are no longer actively producing and are currently under orphan status, with no responsible party obligated for plugging,” the authors wrote in the findings. “Orphan wells can pose threats to water resources by providing pathways for contaminants such as hydrocarbons and brines to migrate into water-supply aquifers.”

Plugging the orphan wells seals off potential pathways for the contaminants, reported Inside Climate News.

USGS scientists Joshua Woda, Nicholas Gianoutsos, Kalle Jahn, Kristina Gutchess and Karl Haase found that large concentrations of older orphan wells, along with other factors, make aquifers in California, Appalachia and the Gulf Coast susceptible to contamination.

The researchers examined 117,672 documented orphan wells across the U.S. and found that 54 percent of them are located within aquifers that provide 94 percent of the country’s groundwater.

“No matter where you live across the nation, you can go look at what’s happening in your backyard, how your aquifers compare to other aquifers and what the threats are,” Gianoutsos said, as Inside Climate News reported.

The research team used datasets from Geographic Information Systems to map the orphan wells’ locations over both principal and secondary aquifers. Their analysis of the aquifers was based on factors — like average age of the wells — that could contribute to how vulnerable to contamination the groundwater was.

Older wells are more failure-prone and less regulated. The “maximum confluence” of risk factors was found in Pennsylvanian aquifers, which span multiple states in Appalachia, including Pennsylvania, where the first of the country’s oil wells were drilled.

Orphan wells can be more than a century old and found near coal seams as well as residential water wells.

The team found that aquifers along the Gulf Coast, including the aquifer system known as Coastal Lowlands, were susceptible partially because the wells are found in areas such as open water and wetlands, which are more contamination-prone.

In Coastal California and the Central Valley, there is a high density of abandoned orphan wells that overlaps with areas that have been urbanized and rely heavily on groundwater for agriculture. In these areas, the researchers considered pumping rates from each aquifer in their analysis.

They discovered that central Oklahoma’s Ada-Vamoosa aquifer had the highest orphan well concentration per square mile of all the aquifers in the U.S.

A map of locations with vulnerability to groundwater contamination due to orphaned wells. Science of the Total Environment

The authors of the paper suggested that researchers and policymakers could use the findings as a basis for targeting aquifers for further investigation.

“This could be a good starting point if someone wanted to do a local investigation,” Woda noted.

Gianoutsos said the national list of orphan wells has added approximately 40,000 orphan wells since their new dataset was created. An additional roughly 10,000 orphan wells have also been plugged.

“The threats are still there,” Gianoutsos said. “Just as we discover more wells, we discover additional threats.”

Orphan wells have been associated with groundwater contamination in Ohio, Texas, Pennsylvania and other states. A Ground Water Protection Council study from 2011 found that 41 incidents of contaminated groundwater were caused by Ohio orphan wells between 1983 and 2007. The study also discovered that orphan wells and surrounding sites caused 30 incidents in Texas from 1993 to 2008.

John Stolz, a Duquesne University professor of environmental microbiology, said some Pennsylvania orphan wells are so old that they are cased with metal or wood rather than cement, as has been the standard for decades, reported Inside Climate News. He said the wood casings have often completely deteriorated.

Stolz said recent fracking and conventional drilling have left much of Pennsylvania’s lands “looking like Swiss cheese.”

“It’s good to see a study that focuses on the water resources,” Stolz said. “We are going to have greater periods of drought, and these water resources are going to become far more valuable.”

The post Scientists Map Where Orphan Wells Threaten Aquifers in the U.S. appeared first on EcoWatch.

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Urban 'placemaking' focus for $85m recreation centre

Urban 'placemaking' focus for $85m recreation centre

Sydney developer Billbergia Group has announced the Rhodes Recreation Centre — an $85 million, 9200 m2 multi-purpose community hub in Sydney’s Inner West.

Located at 6 Gauthorpe St and designed by architectural firm SJB, the recreation centre is in a three-level podium building beneath two high-rise residential towers — the 48-level Peake and 43-level Oasis. Together, they form stage two of the developer’s Rhodes Central Masterplan — a $3 billion, three-stage town centre project.

The Rhodes Recreation Centre was delivered under a $97 million Voluntary Planning Agreement (VPA) between the developer and City of Canada Bay Council. It will be handed over to council next month and is set to open later this year. Once complete, the masterplan will have delivered 25,000 m2 of dedicated public amenity, including retail, community facilities and open space.

With the NSW Government’s housing reforms set to address the housing shortage, the recreation centre will reflect the importance of ‘placemaking’ — a collaborative approach to designing and managing public spaces that enhances community wellbeing and fosters connections between people and their environment — in planning new urban communities.

It also presents a pathway for public and private sectors to collaborate and create social infrastructure while increasing housing supply in fast-growing suburbs.

The recreation centre is set to add vibrancy and pedestrian activity to the local streetscape, providing a diverse range of facilities that enhance the livability of the evolving suburb. These community amenities include two full-sized indoor sports courts, a gymnastics centre, a 70-place childcare centre, a community lounge, allied health services, and bookable spaces for local groups and events. It also provides a gym with cardio equipment, weights, group fitness rooms, a creche and an outdoor terrace, alongside a range of sustainability features.

Facilities at the Rhodes Recreation Centre. Images supplied.

“Rhodes Recreation Centre is the community heart of our high-density TOD development, bringing to life Billbergia’s vision for a future-focused, livable urban environment that prioritises amenity, not just density,” said Saul Moran, Development Director – Planning and Design at Billbergia.

The amenities within the two residential towers include a swimming pool, spa, sauna, children’s play area, library and theatre rooms. Pedestrian connections and through-site links provide access to Rhodes railway station and the Homebush Bay waterfront.

“The Rhodes Recreation Centre stands as a benchmark in successful public–private collaboration. Through a VPA with Canada Bay Council, we’ve created a pathway to unlock additional housing supply while delivering significant, lasting community infrastructure. It’s a clear demonstration of how thoughtful public and private partnerships can shape vibrant, livable neighbourhoods,” Moran said.

Located adjacent to Rhodes railway station, stage one of Billbergia’s Rhodes Central Masterplan was completed in 2021 and included the 13,000 m2 Rhodes Central Shopping Centre, with convenience retail, a Woolworths supermarket, medical facilities and the Bamboo Lane dining precinct.

Other previous projects include the 1.2 ha Phoenix Park in Rhodes, the $63 million Bennelong Bridge, the popular Baylink Shuttle service, the 3500 m2 Wentworth Point Community Centre and Library, and the Wentworth Point Pop-Up Town Square.

Billbergia’s ongoing focus on placemaking and social infrastructure also includes the $8.4 million delivery of a library at its mixed-tenure development, Arncliffe Central, in Sydney’s south. There is the potential for 75% of Arncliffe Central’s dwellings to be dedicated to social, affordable and essential worker rental housing, along with 3400 m2 allocated to childcare, convenience retail and cafes, and a 4000 m2 park with play space for both residents and the broader community.

Top image caption: The Rhodes Recreation Centre location with two planned residential towers, Peake and Oasis. Image supplied.

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